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Introduction
Judicial activism has been a defining feature of India’s judiciary, with courts taking proactive stances on issues ranging from environmental protection to human rights.

Judicial Activism Defined
Judicial activism involves courts interpreting laws expansively, sometimes venturing into areas typically managed by the executive or legislature. This approach has brought significant advancements but has sparked debate on judicial overreach.

Examples of Judicial Activism
Cases like Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997) established guidelines on sexual harassment, filling gaps in legislative action. The Supreme Court’s intervention in pollution control and healthcare highlights the judiciary’s role as a guardian of public welfare.

Balancing Activism with Restraint
While activism addresses pressing issues, excessive intervention can disrupt the balance of power. The judiciary must balance its role, intervening only when necessary to uphold rights.

Conclusion
Judicial activism remains vital in a democracy but must be practiced judiciously. By doing so, the judiciary can fulfill its role as a protector of the Constitution without overstepping its boundaries.

Introduction
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has become an essential tool in India’s legal landscape, enabling citizens to approach the judiciary for issues affecting the public.

The Origin of PIL
In the 1980s, the Supreme Court allowed for PILs to address the needs of marginalized communities. The concept broadened access to justice and made it possible for social justice issues to be brought before the courts.

PIL and Social Justice
Through PILs, issues such as pollution control, human rights abuses, and prisoners’ rights have received attention. Landmark cases, such as Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), underscored the right to livelihood.

The Double-Edged Sword
While PIL has served social justice, its misuse for publicity or personal gain is a growing concern. The judiciary has attempted to filter out frivolous petitions while encouraging legitimate causes.

Conclusion
PILs empower the judiciary to serve as a vehicle for social change. However, ensuring that PILs are used judiciously is key to preserving their impact.

Introduction
Judicial independence is the backbone of any democracy, ensuring that courts can function free from external pressures. In India, the Constitution guarantees this independence, but challenges persist.

Constitutional Safeguards
The Constitution enshrines judicial independence by ensuring security of tenure, a rigorous appointment process, and a procedure for impeachment that is deliberately complex. These measures aim to protect judges from undue influence.

Challenges to Independence
Despite safeguards, the judiciary faces political and financial pressures. Incidents such as interference from the executive, delays in judicial appointments, and pressure from public opinion challenge the judiciary’s impartiality.

The Path Forward
Reforms, such as a National Judicial Appointments Commission, would help reduce political influence in appointments. Financial autonomy and ethical oversight are also vital to preserving integrity.

Conclusion
Judicial independence is essential to a fair judiciary and can be protected through well-thought-out reforms. Without this independence, the judiciary’s role as a check on power is compromised.

Introduction
The Indian judiciary, one of the world’s oldest legal systems, has undergone a remarkable evolution since its origins during the British colonial period. This journey has shaped India’s courts into institutions that uphold justice, fairness, and equality.

Colonial Foundations
The judiciary’s roots lie in the establishment of the Supreme Court of Calcutta in 1774, followed by High Courts in the Presidencies. These early courts primarily served British interests but laid the groundwork for a structured judicial system.

Post-Independence Transformation
After independence in 1947, the judiciary was transformed. The Supreme Court of India was established in 1950, and the judiciary was envisioned as an independent entity. The courts now had the power of judicial review, enabling them to uphold citizens’ rights against the state.

Key Developments and Reforms
Landmark judgments, such as Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973), reinforced judicial independence and established the “basic structure doctrine.” Reforms like e-courts and fast-track courts continue to address delays and improve access to justice.

Conclusion
Understanding the judiciary’s evolution allows us to appreciate its pivotal role in shaping Indian democracy and protecting fundamental rights.